How Cancer Affects The Body, And Their Offspring - 1218 Words

Rebekah Addison Mrs. Roberts English - 1 9 May 2014 How Cancer Affects the Cells, the Body, and their Offspring Have you ever wondered how cancer forms? Well, cancer starts when a cell s DNA becomes altered. When the DNA is altered, the cells reproduce without restriction and do not die like a normal cell. These extra cells form a mass of tissue that is a tumor. Cancer forms in the genes of our cells, and is able to be carried in the offspring of the person with cancer. The cells are the basic units of life. Cells contain DNA that make up genes. Genes are instructions for the cells to make certain proteins. These proteins are then used as a blueprint for the function and structure of the organism. When the DNA is mutated, it†¦show more content†¦The gene has to be activated and turned on. When the gene is turned on, it is called an oncogene. There are proto-oncogenes, and oncogenes. The proto-oncogenes control what kind of cell it becomes, and when it divides. When this proto-oncogene is mutated, it becomes an oncogene, which makes the cell grow out of control. This mechanism may vary from person to person (www.cancer.org). More than 4,000 diseases come from altered genes inherited from one s mother or father (www.cancer.gov). If a mother and father both carry one altered gene, and one normal gene, there is a possibility that the altered gene will be stronger, and will be more prominent in the offspring. The parents may both be disease-free themselves, but they might still carry an affected gene. If there are four children, each one of them have a 25% chance of developing the disorder, or not carrying the disease at all. Although, there is a 50% chance that the children will develop an affected gene, and a normal gene, and being a disease carrier like their parents. Scientists looking to find the start of disease-related genes start by looking at many past relatives, or disease families, that have developed the illness over several generations. Although all cancer is genetic, only about five or ten percent is actually inherited (www.cancer.gov). Most cancers actually start from random mutations

Dangers of Plastic Surgery - 1512 Words

An Ugly trend Society has always valued beauty. In literature,  ­attractiveness often symbolizes an admirable protagonist, while ugliness indicates the abominable antagonist. As children we are taught, without even realizing it, to prize beauty. People of every race and culture have gone to extremes in the name of beauty – from foot-binding in China, to dangerously constricting corsets in Victorian times, to nose jobs in 800 B.C. India. While plastic surgery has been around since ancient times, it has only recently become accepted by the masses. Television programs that promote plastic surgery – â€Å"I Want a Famous Face† on MTV, â€Å"The Swan† on Fox, â€Å"Extreme Makeover† on ABC, â€Å"Nip/ Tuck† on FX, and â€Å"Dr. 90210† on E – expose the public to†¦show more content†¦Some people feel pressured by their spouse to remain youthful or become more  ­attractive. According to Donna Henderson-King, author of â€Å"Acceptance of cosmetic surgery: scale development and validation,† many women â€Å"desire to meet social expectations of beauty. Women are socialized to see themselves as objects to be looked at, and consequently view themselves from the perspective of others.† In this study, King found that the more shame women felt about not having met socially defined standards of beauty, the more likely they were to accept cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery constantly appears in pop culture. Many celebrities have had cosmetic surgery, and the American public is constantly exposed to images of these altered humans. In a Mike Williams cartoon, two women scrutinizing Rembrandt’s self portrait say, â€Å"You’d think that if he’d been that successful he would have had his nose fixed.† This is a perfect example of society’s belief that attractiveness is a necessary part of success. Rembrandt is a renowned artist, but the women in the cartoon are not discussing his artistic ability; they’re critiquing his appearance. Our society blatantly values appearance over ability. This acceptance of plastic surgery, as well as the value of appearance over ability, affects youth. From a young age, children play with toys like Barbie dolls and burly action figures, with bodies that are physically impossible to achieve. Exposure to theseShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers of Plastic Surgery Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery is becoming a widespread pandemic in the United States. More and more people everyday are electing to take this surgery which, for many people, is an unnecessary change to their body. People in this country and around the world need to realize the dangers and consequences of choosing this surgery. In the United States, there should be increased restrictions on plastic surgery because it would help people better understand the risks and stop some from taking the unnecessary surgeryRead MorePlastic Surgery Debate992 Words   |  4 PagesGroup 1 Plastic Surgery I. Introduction Plastic Surgery, or Cosmetic Surgery, is surgery that is unnecessary from a medical perspective, but is carried out to improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery is initiated by an individual who wants to change the physical appearance of a feature. Although in many cases their physical appearance is normal, they may wish to change the size of their breasts or the shape of their nose. An individual may also use cosmetic surgery to change disfigured body partsRead MoreEssay on The Harmuful Effects of Plastic Surgery862 Words   |  4 Pagesa 2013 study, 1,668,420 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery in order to alter their body to fit the body image they view as the norm in society. More and more Americans are now submitting to undergo cosmetic procedures without understanding the possible fatal risks. As medical advancements and improved procedures are being introduced, the risks seem to increase. Due to the psychical and psychological hazards of cosmetic surgery, plastic surgery for cosm etic enhancements should be terminated. SocietyRead MoreThe Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Reading and Writing Level 4 Kirsten Ringstrom April 14, 2009 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The History of Cosmetic Surgery 3 The Trends of Cosmetic Surgeries 4 The Risks of Cosmetic Surgery 5 Conclusion References Throughout recorded history, a pale complexion has nearly always been more fashionable than a tan complexion because pale skin represents a woman who does not have to labour outdoors. So, most non-white women probably wantedRead MoreEssay on The Risks of Cosmetic Surgery1466 Words   |  6 Pagesaware of the risks and disadvantages of cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery can be very risky and dangerous if you are not aware of the outcomes. If you are thinking of going through a procedures you need to do a lot of research of what the pros and cons of the procedure you are about to undergo. Cosmetic surgeries are done all over the world and the pricing varies depending on the surgeons, and it can be very expensive. The outcome of the surgery won’t always come to what you wanted but still youRead MorePlastic and Fantasy in U.S. Advertising800 Words   |  4 Pagesherself or himself. Most Americans are now turning to cosmetic surgery in order to obtain the appearance after observ ing these images. The citizens of the United States who turn to cosmetic surgery often times do not realize the potential risks involved. Cosmetic surgery is not an operation that should be taken lightly; no one should go through it unless it were to be for reconstructive reasons. When people hear the word ‘plastic surgery’ the following comes to mind: liposuction, botox, and a faceRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawless and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead More Plastic Surgery Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever considered having plastic surgery? After reading this paper you might want the surgery or you might not. Plastic surgery, a form of art, can reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastic surgery ranges from one- thousand dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction: Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty types of plastic surgery. One type is called liposuction. The best candidatesRead MorePlastic Surgery: A Symptom of Vanity1092 Words   |  4 PagesPlastic surgery is...vanity Plastic surgery is a symptom of the vanity of our society. This assertion, of course, may immediately cause some readers to take issue with such a blanket statement. What about individuals who undertake plastic surgery to reconstruct their breasts after a mastectomy, they cry? What about people who have been disfigured in car crashes? Few would take issue with genuine, necessary plastic surgery to correct serious flaws. However, the obsession with physical perfectionRead MoreEssay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery548 Words   |  3 PagesPlastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical features. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasons

Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle Free Essays

The global environment has been afflicted to a considerable extent by the conventional combustion engines of the vehicles, creating certain problems of global interest like exhaust emission, global warming and increased dependence on fossil fuel. (Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells, 2003) It has been estimated that fossil fuels are a limited resource. Nissan has always played a key role in automotive industry and foreseen that mobility is an inevitable part of economic development of any country. We will write a custom essay sample on Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nissan has contributed his share by harnessing the technological strengths that has accumulated over many years of its dedication and ever-changing discoveries. The basic charm in the philosophy of fuel cell vehicle is in its environment friendliness. It is expected to play an evermore important role as a clean energy vehicle. Main feature of fuel cell vehicle is that electrical energy is obtained by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and water. In this reaction sole emission is water which is already the part of ecosystem means least or almost no pollution. The electrical energy obtained in this manner will be utilized to get it converted into mechanical driving force by a number of engineering processes. (Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick, 2002). The Nissan FCV employs elements of a variety of technologies, including electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and compressed natural gas vehicle (CNGV) technologies. Nissan’s FCV applies technologies that have been developed in Nissan, such as lithium ion batteries and high voltage electric systems for electric vehicles, control technologies for hybrid vehicles and high pressure gas storage systems for CNGV. Nissan has been developing FCVs that endeavors to accomplish outstanding environmental and energy-saving capacity. (Geographical, 2003) Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) declared in February 2006, a program that will put its newest fuel cell-equipped vehicle to the test trial for analysis. The new seventy mega Pascal (MPa) high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV (fuel cell vehicle) was at home in Canada for testing, which will take place in the vicinity of the Greater Vancouver. The Nissan X-Trail FCV encloses a hydrogen fuel cylinder manufactured by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of Calgary, Alta. The important thing about this cylinder is that it has been built in Canada. The vehicle is under test at Surrey, B.C.-based Powertech Labs Inc., an entirely owned auxiliary of BC Hydro, in collaboration with Fuel Cells Canada. Fuel Cells Canada administers the Hydrogen Highway, a synchronized, large-scale presentation and utilization program intended to accelerate the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel-cell technologies. Nissan joined these organizations in Surrey to start the testing. â€Å"Through Nissan’s advances in hydrogen fuel cell technology, we hope to improve the practicality of fuel cells as a future clean power source,† These are the words uttered by John Junker-Andersen, Director, Parts, Service and Quality Assurance at NCI. He further added, â€Å"Together with the assistance of Powertech and BC Hydro, we are working hard to make the benefits of fuel cells and their promise of high efficiency and zero emissions a viable reality.† A fuel cell vehicle is in consequence an electric vehicle, using a fuel cell to alter hydrogen and oxygen into electricity. The electricity is produced by a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell stack when hydrogen from the fuel cylinder merges with oxygen in air. The only by-product is water, making FCVs completely emissions-free. Robb Thompson, Dynetek Industries Ltd said, â€Å"With partners such as Nissan and BC Hydro, we are able to test compressed hydrogen in real world situations,† â€Å"Through these tests, we have demonstrated that compressed hydrogen is the best commercially suitable alternative for the success of the hydrogen economy.† nyne-ngvp.org Nissan will test the vehicle in a number of environments and drive cycles, including moderate cold-weather, high-speed hill climbs and highway driving, to evaluate the vehicle’s capabilities and the hydrogen fuel system’s performance. Livio Gambone, Manager, Vehicle Programs at Powertech said, â€Å"As members of the Hydrogen Highway(TM), we are pleased to support Nissan’s vehicle testing program,† â€Å"Our climate and geography, plus access to our seventy MPa hydrogen filling station, make the Vancouver area the best and only place to test the viability and endurance of this FCV.† The seventy MPa high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV is the company’s most-recent developmental fuel cell vehicle. Equipped with the first-ever Nissan-constructed fuel cell stack, the X-Trail FCV also boasts a more compact design and increased power. A previous 2003 model offered a cruising range of 350 km, but thanks to improved stack efficiency and a 30 percent increase in the high-pressure Dynetek hydrogen cylinder’s storage capacity, the new X-Trail FCV is expected to achieve a cruising range of more than 500 km. John Tak, President and CEO, Fuel Cells Canada said,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We applaud Nissan Canada’s decision to test their newest hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicle along the Hydrogen Highway(TM),† â€Å"As a world-leading centre for hydrogen and fuel cell expertise, British Columbia’s Hydrogen Highway(TM) is an ideal proving ground to test and demonstrate these technologies.† Nissan has been working on FCV development since 1996. In addition to design and engineering work conducted in Japan, extensive testing and development has also been conducted in other markets, including the United States, where Nissan is a member of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP). About Nissan Canada Inc. Nissan Canada Inc. is the Canadian sales, marketing and distribution subsidiary of Nissan Motor Limited and Nissan North America, Inc. With offices in Vancouver (BC), Mississauga (ON), and Kirkland (QC), Nissan Canada directly employs two hundred and ninety staff, while one hundred and forty six independent businesses hold exclusive Nissan dealerships and twenty nine hold exclusive Infinity dealerships. (Jim Motavalli, 2003). Ten years devotion of Nissan for fuel-cell research has evolved as the latest FCV X-Trail sport/utility vehicle. Nissan engineered and assembled a fuel stack in-house and its most recent unit manages to squeeze the stack’s sophisticated technology in a smaller and lighter package. The new stack develops 120 horse power—35 horse power more than the one fixed to the previous 2003 FCV X-Trail. As a consequence the new model put forward better linear speeding up and response, higher top speed too. Fuel cell packaging has gifted the new vehicle with more freed passenger space. The lithium-ion battery pack, that is stored under the trunk floor, is also built smaller, permitting for more goods room. In addition to this the smaller fuel-cell unit releases 40 percent extra space under the front seats. The considerable egg shaped hydrogen tank, which is lined by aluminium in its inner wall and strengthened with carbon fiber in its outer covering posed substantial packaging problem. Nissan has resolved it by placing it under the rear seats with resultant diminished headroom. The texture of the new tank provides it with greater accommodative capacity imparting thirty percent more hydrogen storage capacity that has a great impact on vehicle cruising mileage, sometimes attaining three hundred and twelve miles. The vehicle X-trial has been observed efficient on the road. Drive of this car is as easy operative as selective drive and tapping into the zero-emission power once the onboard computer system indicates the green signal. Nissan has manufactured the FCV X-trail to bestow the drivers a feeling of normal driving experience a part from the apparent lack of a noxious exhaust. In fact the car is being propelled by the electrical energy generated as a result of discussed chemical reaction. Since a train-like motor sound is audible from the background, however it is never annoying. (Robert L. Olson, 2003). The X-Trail accelerates readily up to a seventy mile per hour cruising speed and easily achieves a ninety three miles per hour top speed. Japanese government has approved public road testing and leasing of the Nissan’s latest fuel cell vehicles due to  Nissan’s determined hard work and research in the field of fuel cell technology. Let us see when Nissan markets its matchless vehicle for the use of consumers. References: Geographical (2003). Cleaning Up the World’s Exhaust Pipes: They’re Quiet, Efficient, Run on Renewable Energy Sources and Their Exhaust Is Just a Cloud of Water Vapour. Could the Rise of Fuel-Cell Vehicles Spell the End of the Internal Combustion Engine? Magazine article; Vol. 75, August Jack Doyle (2000). Taken for a Ride: Detroit’s Big Three and the Politics of Pollution; Four Walls Eight Windows Jim Motavalli (2003). Power Plays: Fuel Cells Are Reaching the Market, in What Could Be a $100 Billion Industry; E, Vol. 14, January Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick (2002). Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs; Rand Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells (2003). The Automotive Industry and the Environment: A Technical, Business and Social Future; CRC Press Robert L. Olson (2003). The Promise and Pitfalls of Hydrogen Energy: Nonpolluting and Renewable, Hydrogen Energy Holds Great Promise as an Energy Alternative in the Future. Here’s a Look at What’s Right about Hydrogen Energy- and How It Can Go Wrong; The Futurist, Vol. 37, July nyne-ngvp.org How to cite Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle, Essay examples Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle Free Essays The global environment has been afflicted to a considerable extent by the conventional combustion engines of the vehicles, creating certain problems of global interest like exhaust emission, global warming and increased dependence on fossil fuel. (Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells, 2003) It has been estimated that fossil fuels are a limited resource. Nissan has always played a key role in automotive industry and foreseen that mobility is an inevitable part of economic development of any country. We will write a custom essay sample on Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nissan has contributed his share by harnessing the technological strengths that has accumulated over many years of its dedication and ever-changing discoveries. The basic charm in the philosophy of fuel cell vehicle is in its environment friendliness. It is expected to play an evermore important role as a clean energy vehicle. Main feature of fuel cell vehicle is that electrical energy is obtained by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and water. In this reaction sole emission is water which is already the part of ecosystem means least or almost no pollution. The electrical energy obtained in this manner will be utilized to get it converted into mechanical driving force by a number of engineering processes. (Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick, 2002).  The Nissan FCV employs elements of a variety of technologies, including electric vehicle (EV), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and compressed natural gas vehicle (CNGV) technologies. Nissan’s FCV applies technologies that have been developed in Nissan, such as lithium ion batteries and high voltage electric systems for electric vehicles, control technologies for hybrid vehicles and high pressure gas storage systems for CNGV. Nissan has been developing FCVs that endeavors to accomplish outstanding environmental and energy-saving capacity. (Geographical, 2003) Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) declared in February 2006, a program that will put its newest fuel cell-equipped vehicle to the test trial for analysis. The new seventy mega Pascal (MPa) high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV (fuel cell vehicle) was at home in Canada for testing, which will take place in the vicinity of the Greater Vancouver. The Nissan X-Trail FCV encloses a hydrogen fuel cylinder manufactured by Dynetek Industries Ltd. of Calgary, Alta. The important thing about this cylinder is that it has been built in Canada. The vehicle is under test at Surrey, B.C.-based Powertech Labs Inc., an entirely owned auxiliary of BC Hydro, in collaboration with Fuel Cells Canada. Fuel Cells Canada administers the Hydrogen Highway, a synchronized, large-scale presentation and utilization program intended to accelerate the commercialization of hydrogen and fuel-cell technologies. Nissan joined these organizations in Surrey to start the testing. â€Å"Through Nissan’s advances in hydrogen fuel cell technology, we hope to improve the practicality of fuel cells as a future clean power source,†Ã‚  These are the words uttered by John Junker-Andersen, Director, Parts, Service and Quality Assurance at NCI. He further added,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Together with the assistance of Powertech and BC Hydro, we are working hard to make the benefits of fuel cells and their promise of high efficiency and zero emissions a viable reality.† A fuel cell vehicle is in consequence an electric vehicle, using a fuel cell to alter hydrogen and oxygen into electricity. The electricity is produced by a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell stack when hydrogen from the fuel cylinder merges with oxygen in air. The only by-product is water, making FCVs completely emissions-free. Robb Thompson, Dynetek Industries Ltd said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"With partners such as Nissan and BC Hydro, we are able to test compressed hydrogen in real world situations,†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Through these tests, we have demonstrated that compressed hydrogen is the best commercially suitable alternative for the success of the hydrogen economy.† Nissan will test the vehicle in a number of environments and drive cycles, including moderate cold-weather, high-speed hill climbs and highway driving, to evaluate the vehicle’s capabilities and the hydrogen fuel system’s performance.  Livio Gambone, Manager, Vehicle Programs at Powertech said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As members of the Hydrogen Highway(TM), we are pleased to support Nissan’s vehicle testing program,† â€Å"Our climate and geography, plus access to our seventy MPa hydrogen filling station, make the Vancouver area the best and only place to test the viability and endurance of this FCV.† The seventy MPa high-pressure hydrogen-powered Nissan X-Trail FCV is the company’s most-recent developmental fuel cell vehicle. Equipped with the first-ever Nissan-constructed fuel cell stack, the X-Trail FCV also boasts a more compact design and increased power. A previous 2003 model offered a cruising range of 350 km, but thanks to improved stack efficiency and a 30 percent increase in the high-pressure Dynetek hydrogen cylinder’s storage capacity, the new X-Trail FCV is expected to achieve a cruising range of more than 500 km. John Tak, President and CEO, Fuel Cells Canada said,   Ã¢â‚¬Å"We applaud Nissan Canada’s decision to test their newest hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicle along the Hydrogen Highway(TM),† â€Å"As a world-leading centre for hydrogen and fuel cell expertise, British Columbia’s Hydrogen Highway(TM) is an ideal proving ground to test and demonstrate these technologies.† Nissan has been working on FCV development since 1996. In addition to design and engineering work conducted in Japan, extensive testing and development has also been conducted in other markets, including the United States, where Nissan is a member of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP). About Nissan Canada Inc. Nissan Canada Inc. is the Canadian sales, marketing and distribution subsidiary of Nissan Motor Limited and Nissan North America, Inc. With offices in Vancouver (BC), Mississauga (ON), and Kirkland (QC), Nissan Canada directly employs two hundred and ninety staff, while one hundred and forty six independent businesses hold exclusive Nissan dealerships and twenty nine hold exclusive Infinity dealerships. (Jim Motavalli, 2003). Ten years devotion of Nissan for fuel-cell research has evolved as the latest FCV X-Trail sport/utility vehicle. Nissan engineered and assembled a fuel stack in-house and its most recent unit manages to squeeze the stack’s sophisticated technology in a smaller and lighter package. The new stack develops 120 horse power—35 horse power more than the one fixed to the previous 2003 FCV X-Trail. As a consequence the new model put forward better linear speeding up and response, higher top speed too. Fuel cell packaging has gifted the new vehicle with more freed passenger space. The lithium-ion battery pack, that is stored under the trunk floor, is also built smaller, permitting for more goods room. In addition to this the smaller fuel-cell unit releases 40 percent extra space under the front seats. The considerable egg shaped hydrogen tank, which is lined by aluminium in its inner wall and strengthened with carbon fiber in its outer covering posed substantial packaging problem. Nissan has resolved it by placing it under the rear seats with resultant diminished headroom. The texture of the new tank provides it with greater accommodative capacity imparting thirty percent more hydrogen storage capacity that has a great impact on vehicle cruising mileage, sometimes attaining three hundred and twelve miles. The vehicle X-trial has been observed efficient on the road. Drive of this car is as easy operative as selective drive and tapping into the zero-emission power once the onboard computer system indicates the green signal. Nissan has manufactured the FCV X-trail to bestow the drivers a feeling of normal driving experience a part from the apparent lack of a noxious exhaust. In fact the car is being propelled by the electrical energy generated as a result of discussed chemical reaction. Since a train-like motor sound is audible from the background, however it is never annoying. (Robert L. Olson, 2003). The X-Trail accelerates readily up to a seventy mile per hour cruising speed and easily achieves a ninety three miles per hour top speed.  Japanese government has approved public road testing and leasing of the Nissan’s latest fuel cell vehicles due to Nissan’s determined hard work and research in the field of fuel cell technology. Let us see when Nissan markets its matchless vehicle for the use of consumers. References: Geographical (2003). Cleaning Up the World’s Exhaust Pipes: They’re Quiet, Efficient, Run on Renewable Energy Sources and Their Exhaust Is Just a Cloud of Water Vapour. Could the Rise of Fuel-Cell Vehicles Spell the End of the Internal Combustion Engine? Magazine article; Vol. 75, August Jack Doyle (2000). Taken for a Ride: Detroit’s Big Three and the Politics of Pollution; Four Walls Eight Windows Jim Motavalli (2003). Power Plays: Fuel Cells Are Reaching the Market, in What Could Be a $100 Billion Industry; E, Vol. 14, January Lloyd Dixon, Isaac Porche, Jonathan Kulick (2002). Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs; Rand Paul Nieuwenhuis, Peter Wells (2003). The Automotive Industry and the Environment: A Technical, Business and Social Future; CRC Press Robert L. Olson (2003). The Promise and Pitfalls of Hydrogen Energy: Nonpolluting and Renewable, Hydrogen Energy Holds Great Promise as an Energy Alternative in the Future. Here’s a Look at What’s Right about Hydrogen Energy- and How It Can Go Wrong; The Futurist, Vol. 37, July How to cite Nissan Planning New Fuel-cell Vehicle, Essay examples

Woman at Point Zero Summary free essay sample

Egypt had achieved a formal but nominal independence in 1922, under which King Fu’ad I and his son King Faruq ruled with a cabinet and parliament. Britain, however, retained enough influence to oppose cabinets or key politicians and thus dampen the growth of Woman at Point Zero Summary 2 Woman at Point Zero Summary pluralism or effective democracy. The British had occupied Egypt since 1882, ruling it as if it were a colony, though officially it was not. They maintained a military presence there too, to protect their interest in cheap cotton and in revenues from the Suez Canal. Genuine independence and the total withdrawal of foreign forces was a continuous issue in Egypt until the rather surprising 1952 military coup by a group of young army officers, including Gamal Abdul Nasser (also spelled Jamal ‘Abd al? Nasir). The revolution ignited by these officers changed the power structure of Egypt, displacing wealthy property owners as the nation’s most influential political force. When first established under President Muhammad Naguib, however, the new regime did not have preformulated platforms or a theoretical framework for future policies. The rebels shipped the king off to Europe; the elite who remained in Egypt would suffer— if not at first, then later under the new regime’s populist policies. Meanwhile, the peasants and urban poor appreciated the coup, although because of the inadequacy of reforms and policies like the decision to expand industry, their circumstances would be relieved only at the expense of growing debt and dependency for Egypt. Woman at Point Zero Summary 3 Woman at Point Zero Summary In 1953 the military officers banned all political parties and abolished the monarchy. The officers were eliminating potential rivals. Their one? time ally, President Naguib, was stripped of his powers, and Nasser became the voice of Egypt, with ‘Abd al? Hakim ‘Amir in control of the army. Another former ally, the Muslim Brotherhood, a 25? year? old grassroots Islamist party, was repressed by the new regime after a Muslim Brother tried to assassinate Nasser in 1954. Nasser’s government also put down a worker’s strike, and moved against the Communist Party and other leftists. In 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in response to the withdrawal of an expected loan from the World Bank that year. The Egyptian masses applauded this seizure of Egypt’s largest source of revenue, which had been controlled by foreign powers since its construction under the local ruler, the khedive Isma‘il, in the nineteenth century. The ensuing war in Suez, known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression, saw the Israelis, French, and British jointly attack Egypt to punish Nasser for the seizure. To Egyptians, the war indicated the hostile intentions of the West against their young government. And in fact the attack met with global condemnation. Nasser moved further away from the West by announcing a Czech arms deal in September 1955, and by refusing that same year to sign the Washington? sponsored Baghdad pact (to protect Middle Eastern nations such as Iraq and Turkey from Soviet aggression). He would publicly claim a commitment to neutralism, to independence without reliance on the East or the West. But in fact the need to build up Egypt’s military base and the army’s dominance in politics resulted in Egypt’s purchasing weapons from the Eastern bloc and in Russian military advisors arriving to conduct business in Egypt. Important in this period was Nasser’s enunciation of Arab unity. A short? lived (1958? 61) union of Egypt and Syria resulted in the United Arab Republic, which would ultimately disintegrate. For a while, many in the region embraced this macro? philosophy, and it complicated the gender issue. If Arabs were to share a unified culture, how would it be possible to allow for the variations in attitudes and Woman at Point Zero Summary 4 Woman at Point Zero Summary practices concerning women in different lands? In some Arab societies, arranged marriages or marriages to first cousins were still preferred, strict separation of the sexes was observed, and women’s ability to challenge spousal abuse was extremely limited; in other Arab societies women were moving into the workforce, advancing through education, and challenging some of the legal restrictions imposed on them. After the short? lived experiment in Arab unity came the defeat of the Arab states in the 1967 so? called Six Day War with Israel. Israel’s preemptive strike on June 5, 1967, destroyed much of the Egyptian air force parked on the airfield. Israel emerged victorious not only because of the strike but also, among other factors, because of poor training of Egyptian troops, an inadequate budget, and Nasser’s refusal to withdraw forces from Yemen. The mix led to Israeli victory in the Sinai, and Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the Golan Heights. The loss was enormous. Arab intellectuals termed the 1967 war the nakba—the disaster, a political and cultural crisis, a nadir from which they could descend no further. Suddenly all the slogans in favor of Arab socialism and unity seemed empty, especially the one that promised an eventual reclamation of Palestine. Instead Egypt had experienced a further defeat. There was, however, no vibrant ideology to step into the place of Arab socialism and unity. Woman at Point Zero Summary 5 Woman at Point Zero Summary The decade following Nasser’s death in 1970 brought further disintegration in political and social values. A new economic open? door policy in 1972, the infitah, led to the expulsion of Soviet advisors, and the expectation on the part of international aid agencies that Egypt would pursue more â€Å"rational† economic policies—that is, embark on privatization, or the transformation of public enterprises into private ones. The policy, involving invitations for Western investment in Egypt, troubled many leftists. Their country had for some years followed a path of neutral selfsufficiency. If the public sector were to be gradually privatized, what would happen to the previously proclaimed commitment to the common citizens? El Saadawi forged her resistance to oppression, whether it related to gender, or more Woman at Point Zero Summary 6 Woman at Point Zero Summary broadly to authoritarianism, during these decades. The Egyptian public had been regaled with promises that the demise of the ancient regime, and the withdrawal of the lingering British, would bring a new age. Yet women especially did not experience a newly tolerant, materially plentiful existence. Instead they experienced a competition for resources that repeatedly favored men—father over wife and children, uncle over niece, and male employers over female workers, to name a few examples from the novel. Women in modern Egyptian history. Urban elite women followed a fairly strict code of sexual segregation in the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century. In Egypt many upper? class women lived within the boundaries of the harem system, which secluded them from the general male public. Debate stirred here about the need for female education within a modernizing society, about the abuses of polygamy, and about the veiling of women’s faces. A woman’s honor was theoretically the property of her menfolk, so a high value accrued to virginity. Meanwhile, the custom of paying a brideprice, the amount given to a girl’s parents to formalize a union, was sanctioned by religion and custom, which meant that poor women could be â€Å"sold. (Wealthy women had more freedom, because they retained control of their own income. ) Women in the countryside were not subject to the Ottoman face veil or practices of female seclusion because their labor was necessary for family subsistence. If girls survived their early childhood, they were circumcised at age six or seven to weaken their sexual urge and ensure virginity. The painful, unsa nitary practice involved removing all or part of the clitoris, which resulted in medical and psychological complications.